汽车维修工人工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患的工效学评估

邓华欣; 张华东; 王忠旭; 刘静; 梁婧; 陈凤琼; 贾宁

doi:10.16369/j.oher.issn.1007-1326.2024.02.006

汽车维修工人工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患的工效学评估

Ergonomic risk assessment of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in automotive repair industry

摘要

摘要:
目的对汽车维修行业中存在的工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患（work-related musculoskeletal disorders，WMSDs）相关的工效学危险因素进行识别和危险评估。
方法 2018年1月—2020年12月，采用整群抽样方法，选取重庆市23家汽车维修企业的作业人员作为研究对象，采用美国《工效学基本因素检查表》（baseline risk identification of ergonomic factors，BRIEF）和瑞典《工效学因素识别表》（method for the identification of musculoskeletal stress factors which may have injurious effects，PLIBEL）识别汽车维修作业过程中的不良工效学危险因素，并采用快速全身评估法（rapid entire body assessment，REBA）进行姿势负荷等级评估。
结果本研究共对193名作业工人进行了工效学评估，其中维修工86人、喷漆工60人和钣金工47人。BRIEF识别结果显示，维修工、喷漆工和钣金工的颈部、背部、手腕为WMSDs的潜在危险部位；PLIBEL识别结果显示，不同作业发生危险的部位略有差异，维修工、喷漆工和钣金工肘、前臂和手腕部以及颈、肩和上背部主要存在重复性作业，喷漆工和钣金工下背部主要存在无坐和支撑的站姿作业和严重前屈；REBA评估姿势负荷等级主要为中、低危险，维修工、喷漆工、钣金工中等危险等级人数占比分别为61.6%（53/86）、36.7%（22/60）、23.4%（11/17）。
结论汽车维修作业人员应加强对相关工效学危险因素的管理与控制，以预防WMSDs发生。

Abstract:
Objective To identify and assess the ergonomic risk factors associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among workers in the automotive repair industry.
Methods From January 2018 to December 2020, a cluster sampling method was used to select workers from 23 automotive repair businesses in Chongqing as research subjects. The baseline risk identification of ergonomic factors (BRIEF) in the United States and the method for the identification of musculoskeletal stress factors which may have injurious effects (PLIBEL) in Sweden were employed to identify adverse ergonomic risk factors during automotive repair operations, and the rapid entire body assessment (REBA) was utilized for posture load level assessment.
Results A total of 193 workers were evaluated ergonomically, including 86 mechanics, 60 painters, and 47 sheet metal workers. BRIEF results indicated that the neck, back, and wrists of mechanics, painters, and sheet metal workers were potential risk areas for WMSDs; PLIBEL results showed slight differences in the hazardous areas occurring in different operations, with mechanics, painters, and sheet metal workers' elbows, forearms, hands, and upper back neck and shoulders mainly involving repetitive tasks, and painters and sheet metal workers' lower backs primarily involving unsupported standing postures and severe forward bending; REBA assessment of posture load levels was mainly medium and low risk, with the proportion of mechanics, painters, and sheet metal workers at medium risk level being 61.6% (53/86), 36.7% (22/60), and 23.4% (11/17), respectively.
Conclusions Automotive repair workers should strengthen the management and control of the aforementioned ergonomic risk factors to prevent the occurrence of WMSDs.

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