Abstract: Objective To assess the mental health status and associated influencing factors of occupational populations in a suburban area of Shanghai, providing scientific evidence for improving their mental health level. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to December 2024, using a stratified cluster random sampling method across 20 enterprises located in an industrial park of the suburban area. Anxiety and depression symptoms were evaluated using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of psychological symptoms. Results A total of 1 330 questionnaires were distributed, and 1 310 valid responses were collected, with a valid response rate of 98.5%. The detection rate of anxiety symptoms was 23.2%, and that of depression symptoms was 55.0%. Logistic regression analysis revealed the following: (1) Compared to females, individuals aged 18 to 25, those without occupational hazard exposure, working less than 8 hours per day, engaged in manual labor, and experiencing no psychological stress or stress due to health issues, the detection rate of anxiety symptoms was significantly higher among males, individuals aged 26 to 30, those exposed to occupational hazards, working more than 12 hours per day, engaged in mental labor, and experiencing occasional or frequent psychological stress or stress due to work-related issues (OR = 1.43, 1.69, 1.48, 3.05, 1.43, 3.02, 13.36, 1.75; all P < 0.05). (2) Compared to individuals aged 18 to 25, non-local residents, those with postgraduate education or above, annual income over 160 000 RMB, holding management positions, engaged in mental labor, or without psychological stress, the detection rate of depression symptoms was significantly higher among individuals aged 51 to 60, local residents, those with high school, vocational, or lower education levels, annual income below 40 000 RMB, holding non-management positions, engaged in manual labor, or experiencing frequent psychological stress (OR = 1.88, 1.41, 3.25, 5.07, 2.82, 2.59, 1.65, 2.37; all P < 0.05). Additionally, compared to individuals working less than 8 hours per day, those working 8 to 10 hours or 10 to 12 hours per day had significantly lower detection rates of depression symptoms (OR = 0.64, 0.63; both P < 0.05). Conclusions Anxiety and depression symptoms were more prevalent among occupational populations in suburban Shanghai compared to urban and general populations. These conditions were closely interrelated but influenced by distinct factors. Targeted interventions are necessary to mitigate associated risks.