Abstract: Medical aid is an important part of emergency rescue against nuclear accidents or nuclear terrorism. The reasonable and complete emergency detection work in the emergency rescue system against nuclear accidents is essential for classification of the damage condition and implementation of effective treatment of victims. In order to establish a detection method suitable for emergency rescue against nuclear accidents, the methods that are currently available for biological detection in the emergency rescue against nuclear accidents were summarized, and the characteristic, the advantage and disadvantage, and the applicability of these methods were discussed.